What is Authenticated Encryption Authenticated encryption is a cryptographic technique that combines both data encryption and message authentication into a single operation. It ensures not only the confidentiality of data but also its integrity, effectively protecting against unauthorized access and tampering. By incorporating encryption and message authentication codes (MACs) together, authenticated encryption guarantees that not only is the information kept secret from unauthorized parties, but any modifications or alterations to the data can be detected, preventing malicious manipulation.

NIP-38 User Statuses draft optional Abstract This NIP enables a way for users to share live statuses such as what music they are listening to, as well as what they are currently doing: work, play, out of office, etc. Live Statuses A special event with kind:30315 “User Status” is defined as an optionally expiring addressable event, where the d tag represents the status type: For example: { "kind": 30315, "content": "Sign up for nostrasia!

In an era where online privacy and speed are paramount, the partnership of Cloudflare Warp/Warp+ and the WireGuard app emerges as a dynamic combination. This guide walks you through the process of seamlessly setting up and using Cloudflare’s services through the WireGuard app, ensuring both secure and swift online experiences. Prerequisites Device running an OS compatible with WireGuard app (Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS). WireGuard app installed. Access to Cloudflare Warp/Warp+ via subscription or Cloudflare app.

In the realm of secure communication protocols, the Noise Protocol Framework stands out as a revolutionary approach that prioritizes security, efficiency, and adaptability. This article dives deep into the Noise Protocol Framework, exploring its architecture, benefits, and its significance in enhancing the security landscape of modern digital interactions. What is Noise Protocol Framework The Noise Protocol Framework is a flexible and modular framework designed for creating cryptographic protocols that ensure secure communication over networks.

A source about FBI’s Ability to Legally Access Secure Messaging App Content and Metadata from Jan. 2021 FBI Infographic re Lawful Access to Secure Messaging Apps Data on Property of the People indicate FBI have access to some of end to end encryption message apps. In an era where digital communication has become the norm, ensuring privacy and security of online conversations has gained paramount importance. Encrypted messaging apps have risen in popularity due to their commitment to safeguarding user data.

NIP-59 Gift Wrap optional This NIP defines a protocol for encapsulating any nostr event. This makes it possible to obscure most metadata for a given event, perform collaborative signing, and more. This NIP does not define any messaging protocol. Applications of this NIP should be defined separately. This NIP relies on NIP-44 ’s versioned encryption algorithms. Overview This protocol uses three main concepts to protect the transmission of a target event: rumors, seals, and gift wraps.

NIP-17 Private Direct Messages draft optional This NIP defines an encrypted direct messaging scheme using NIP-44 encryption and NIP-59 seals and gift wraps. Direct Message Kind Kind 14 is a chat message. p tags identify one or more receivers of the message. { "id": "<usual hash>", "pubkey": "<sender-pubkey>", "created_at": "<current-time>", "kind": 14, "tags": [ ["p", "<receiver-1-pubkey>", "<relay-url>"], ["p", "<receiver-2-pubkey>", "<relay-url>"], ["e", "<kind-14-id>", "<relay-url>", "reply"] // if this is a reply ["subject", "<conversation-title>"], // rest of tags.

NIP-72 Moderated Communities (Reddit Style) draft optional The goal of this NIP is to enable public communities. It defines the replaceable event kind:34550 to define the community and the current list of moderators/administrators. Users that want to post into the community, simply tag any Nostr event with the community’s a tag. Moderators may issue an approval event kind:4550. Community Definition Kind:34550 SHOULD include any field that helps define the community and the set of moderators.

NIP-48 Proxy Tags draft optional Nostr events bridged from other protocols such as ActivityPub can link back to the source object by including a "proxy" tag, in the form: ["proxy", <id>, <protocol>] Where: <id> is the ID of the source object. The ID format varies depending on the protocol. The ID must be universally unique, regardless of the protocol. <protocol> is the name of the protocol, e.g. "activitypub". Clients may use this information to reconcile duplicated content bridged from other protocols, or to display a link to the source object.

NIP-90 Data Vending Machine draft optional This NIP defines the interaction between customers and Service Providers for performing on-demand computation. Money in, data out. Kinds This NIP reserves the range 5000-7000 for data vending machine use. Kind Description 5000-5999 Job request kinds 6000-6999 Job result 7000 Job feedback Job results always use a kind number that is 1000 higher than the job request kind. (e.g. request: kind:5001 gets a result: kind:6001).

NIP-99 Classified Listings draft optional This NIP defines kind:30402: an addressable event to describe classified listings that list any arbitrary product, service, or other thing for sale or offer and includes enough structured metadata to make them useful. The category of classifieds includes a very broad range of physical goods, services, work opportunities, rentals, free giveaways, personals, etc. and is distinct from the more strictly structured marketplaces defined in NIP-15 that often sell many units of specific products through very specific channels.

NIP-53 Live Activities draft optional Service providers want to offer live activities to the Nostr network in such a way that participants can easily log and query by clients. This NIP describes a general framework to advertise the involvement of pubkeys in such live activities. Concepts Live Event A special event with kind:30311 “Live Event” is defined as an addressable event of public p tags. Each p tag SHOULD have a displayable marker name for the current role (e.

Introduction OpenSSL and LibreSSL are two popular open-source cryptographic libraries that provide essential security features for various applications and protocols. While both libraries serve a similar purpose, they differ in their origins, philosophies, and approaches to security. In this article, we will explore the history, security, and performance aspects of OpenSSL and LibreSSL, shedding light on their similarities and differences. OpenSSL and LibreSSL History OpenSSL OpenSSL is a widely adopted and mature cryptographic library that originated in 1998 as a fork of the SSLeay library.

What is UUP Dump UUPDump, also known as Unified Update Platform Dump, is a popular utility used by Windows enthusiasts and power users to download and create offline Windows update packages. It allows users to access and download Windows update files directly from Microsoft’s servers, enabling them to create customized installation media or perform offline updates on their Windows systems. UUPDump was developed as a response to the changes introduced by Microsoft in their Unified Update Platform (UUP).

BTSync (or Resilio Sync) keys In BTSync or Resilio Sync, the secret key is a random string of characters used to authenticate and grant access to a shared folder. The key typically consists of 33 alphanumeric characters. It looks something like this: Example BTSync Key: N0TW3R4S5T6U7V8W9XY1Z2A3B4C5DEAD0 Anyone with access to the key can potentially access the shared folder and its contents. Here is a compilation of various places where you can find BTSync (or Resilio Sync) keys:

BTSync vs. Syncthing Introduction In an increasingly interconnected world, efficient and secure file synchronization solutions have become essential for individuals and businesses alike. BTSync (Resilio Sync) and Syncthing are two popular platforms that offer peer-to-peer (P2P) file synchronization capabilities. Both aim to provide users with seamless and private file sharing experiences, but they do so with some notable differences. This article delves into the features, functionalities, and considerations of BTSync and Syncthing to help users make an informed decision about which solution best suits their needs.

NIP-52 Calendar Events draft optional This specification defines calendar events representing an occurrence at a specific moment or between moments. These calendar events are addressable and deletable per NIP-09 . Unlike the term calendar event specific to this NIP, the term event is used broadly in all the NIPs to describe any Nostr event. The distinction is being made here to discern between the two terms. Calendar Events There are two types of calendar events represented by different kinds: date-based and time-based calendar events.

NIP-89 Recommended Application Handlers draft optional This NIP describes kind:31989 and kind:31990: a way to discover applications that can handle unknown event-kinds. Rationale Nostr’s discoverability and transparent event interaction is one of its most interesting/novel mechanics. This NIP provides a simple way for clients to discover applications that handle events of a specific kind to ensure smooth cross-client and cross-kind interactions. Parties involved There are three actors to this workflow:

Crypto AG Introduction Crypto AG, a Swiss company founded in 1952, holds a unique place in the annals of cryptography. For several decades, it played a prominent role in supplying encryption machines to governments, militaries, and intelligence agencies around the world. However, behind its façade of secure communication, a complex web of intrigue and controversy unfolded. This article delves into the fascinating story of Crypto AG and its significant implications for global cryptography.

In the modern landscape of networking solutions, Tailscale and WireGuard have emerged as notable contenders, each offering unique approaches to secure cross-network communication. Both prioritize simplicity, security, and efficiency. In this article, we will explore the workings of Tailscale and WireGuard, followed by an in-depth comparison of key aspects. Understanding Tailscale and WireGuard Tailscale: Identity-Based Networking Tailscale introduces a fresh perspective through its identity-based networking approach. It enables seamless communication between devices and users across diverse networks, focusing on security and ease of use.

NIP-32 Labeling draft optional This NIP defines two new indexable tags to label events and a new event kind (kind:1985) to attach those labels to existing events. This supports several use cases, including distributed moderation, collection management, license assignment, and content classification. New Tags: L denotes a label namespace l denotes a label Label Namespace Tag An L tag can be any string, but publishers SHOULD ensure they are unambiguous by using a well-defined namespace (such as an ISO standard) or reverse domain name notation.

Impact Score The Impact Score is a metric used in CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) to measure the severity of a security vulnerability. It indicates the potential impact that a vulnerability could have on the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of a system or data if it were to be exploited. The Impact Score is usually calculated on a scale of 0 to 10, with 10 being the most severe. The score is based on several factors, such as the potential consequences of exploitation, the ease of exploitation, the level of privileges required, and the scope of the vulnerability.

NIP-31 Dealing with unknown event kinds draft optional When creating a new custom event kind that is part of a custom protocol and isn’t meant to be read as text (like kind:1), clients should use an alt tag to write a short human-readable plaintext summary of what that event is about. The intent is that social clients, used to display only kind:1 notes, can still show something in case a custom event pops up in their timelines.

apache-ssl/apache-ssl Vulnerability Summary Vendor name: apache-ssl Product name: apache-ssl Total vulnerabilities: 3 (as 2023-05-04) apache-ssl/apache-ssl Vulnerability List CVE-2008-0555: The ExpandCert function in Apache-SSL before apache_1.3.41+ssl_1.59 does not properly handle (1)… Published: 2008-04-04T00:44:00 Last Modified: 2018-10-15T22:01:00 Summary The ExpandCert function in Apache-SSL before apache_1.3.41+ssl_1.59 does not properly handle (1) ‘/’ and (2) ‘=’ characters in a Distinguished Name (DN) in a client certificate, which might allow remote attackers to bypass authentication via a crafted DN that triggers overwriting of environment variables.

apache/activemq Vulnerability Summary Vendor name: apache Product name: activemq Total vulnerabilities: 40 (as 2023-05-04) apache/activemq Vulnerability List CVE-2022-23913: In Apache ActiveMQ Artemis prior to 2.20.0 or 2.19.1, an attacker could partially disrupt… Published: 2022-02-04T23:15:00 Last Modified: 2022-02-10T13:28:00 Summary In Apache ActiveMQ Artemis prior to 2.20.0 or 2.19.1, an attacker could partially disrupt availability (DoS) through uncontrolled resource consumption of memory. Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE): CWE-400: Uncontrolled Resource Consumption CWE Description: The software does not properly control the allocation and maintenance of a limited resource, thereby enabling an actor to influence the amount of resources consumed, eventually leading to the exhaustion of available resources.

apache/apr-util Vulnerability Summary Vendor name: apache Product name: apr-util Total vulnerabilities: 6 (as 2023-05-04) apache/apr-util Vulnerability List CVE-2011-1928: The fnmatch implementation in apr_fnmatch.c in the Apache Portable Runtime (APR) library 1.4.3… Published: 2011-05-24T23:55:00 Last Modified: 2018-01-06T02:29:00 Summary The fnmatch implementation in apr_fnmatch.c in the Apache Portable Runtime (APR) library 1.4.3 and 1.4.4, and the Apache HTTP Server 2.2.18, allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (infinite loop) via a URI that does not match unspecified types of wildcard patterns, as demonstrated by attacks against mod_autoindex in httpd when a /*/WEB-INF/ configuration pattern is used.

apache/apr Vulnerability Summary Vendor name: apache Product name: apr Total vulnerabilities: 7 (as 2023-05-04) apache/apr Vulnerability List CVE-2011-1928: The fnmatch implementation in apr_fnmatch.c in the Apache Portable Runtime (APR) library 1.4.3… Published: 2011-05-24T23:55:00 Last Modified: 2018-01-06T02:29:00 Summary The fnmatch implementation in apr_fnmatch.c in the Apache Portable Runtime (APR) library 1.4.3 and 1.4.4, and the Apache HTTP Server 2.2.18, allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (infinite loop) via a URI that does not match unspecified types of wildcard patterns, as demonstrated by attacks against mod_autoindex in httpd when a /*/WEB-INF/ configuration pattern is used.

apache/groovy Vulnerability Summary Vendor name: apache Product name: groovy Total vulnerabilities: 4 (as 2023-05-04) apache/groovy Vulnerability List CVE-2020-17521: Apache Groovy provides extension methods to aid with creating temporary directories. Prior to… Published: 2020-12-07T20:15:00 Last Modified: 2022-02-07T16:15:00 Summary Apache Groovy provides extension methods to aid with creating temporary directories. Prior to this fix, Groovy’s implementation of those extension methods was using a now superseded Java JDK method call that is potentially not secure on some operating systems in some contexts.

apache/hadoop Vulnerability Summary Vendor name: apache Product name: hadoop Total vulnerabilities: 29 (as 2023-05-04) apache/hadoop Vulnerability List CVE-2020-9492: In Apache Hadoop 3.2.0 to 3.2.1, 3.0.0-alpha1 to 3.1.3, and 2.0.0-alpha to 2.10.0, WebHDFS client… Published: 2021-01-26T18:16:00 Last Modified: 2021-11-30T22:21:00 Summary In Apache Hadoop 3.2.0 to 3.2.1, 3.0.0-alpha1 to 3.1.3, and 2.0.0-alpha to 2.10.0, WebHDFS client might send SPNEGO authorization header to remote URL without proper verification. Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE): CWE-863: Incorrect Authorization CWE Description: The software performs an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action, but it does not correctly perform the check.

apache/harmony Vulnerability Summary Vendor name: apache Product name: harmony Total vulnerabilities: 1 (as 2023-05-04) apache/harmony Vulnerability List CVE-2013-7372: The engineNextBytes function in… Published: 2014-04-29T20:55:00 Last Modified: 2014-04-30T14:23:00 Summary The engineNextBytes function in classlib/modules/security/src/main/java/common/org/apache/harmony/security/provider/crypto/SHA1PRNG_SecureRandomImpl.java in the SecureRandom implementation in Apache Harmony through 6.0M3, as used in the Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) in Android before 4.4 and other products, when no seed is provided by the user, uses an incorrect offset value, which makes it easier for attackers to defeat cryptographic protection mechanisms by leveraging the resulting PRNG predictability, as exploited in the wild against Bitcoin wallet applications in August 2013.